// Copyright (C) 2023 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only

/*!
\page qtqml-tutorials-extending-qml-advanced-example.html
\meta tags{qml,extensions,advanced}

\title Writing advanced QML Extensions with C++
\brief Tutorial about advanced extensions to QML with Qt C++.


\section1 BirthdayParty Base Project
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced1-Base-project

This tutorial uses the example of a birthday party to demonstrate some of
the features of QML. The code for the various features explained below is
based on this birthday party project and relies on some of the material in the
first tutorial on \l {Writing QML Extensions with C++}{QML extensions}. This
simple example is then expanded upon to illustrate the various QML extensions
explained below. The complete code for each new extension to the code can be
found in the tutorials at the location specified under each section's title or
by following the link to the code at the very end of this page.


The base project defines the \c Person class and the \c BirthdayParty class,
which model the attendees and the party itself respectively.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced1-Base-project/person.h
    \skipto class
    \printuntil QML_ELEMENT
    \dots
    \skipuntil     private:
    \printuntil /\};/

\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced1-Base-project/birthdayparty.h
    \skipto class
    \printuntil QML_ELEMENT
    \dots
    \skipto     Person *m_host = nullptr;
    \printuntil /\};/

All the information about the party can then be stored in the corresponding QML
file.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced1-Base-project/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil /^\}/

The \c main.cpp file creates a simple shell application that displays whose
birthday it is and who is invited to their party.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced1-Base-project/main.cpp
    \skipto engine
    \printuntil }

The app outputs the following summary of the party.
\badcode
"Bob Jones" is having a birthday!
They are inviting:
    "Leo Hodges"
    "Jack Smith"
    "Anne Brown"
\endcode

The following sections go into how to add support for \c Boy and \c Girl
attendees instead of just \c Person by using inheritance and coercion, how to
make use of default properties to implicitly assign attendees of the party as
guests, how to assign properties as groups instead of one by one, how to use
attached objects to keep track of invited guests' reponses, how to use a
property value source to display the lyrics of the happy birthday song over
time, and how to expose third party objects to QML.



\section1 Inheritance and Coercion
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion

Right now, each attendant is being modelled as a person. This is a bit too
generic and it would be nice to be able to know more about the attendees. By
specializing them as boys and girls, we can already get a better idea of who's
coming.

To do this, the \c Boy and \c Girl classes are introduced, both inheriting from
\c Person.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion/person.h
    \skipto Boy
    \printuntil /^\};/

\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion/person.h
    \skipto Girl
    \printuntil /^\};/

The \c Person class remains unaltered and the \c Boy and \c Girl C++ classes
are trivial extensions of it. The types and their QML name are registered with
the QML engine with \l QML_ELEMENT.

Notice that the \c host and \c guests properties in \c BirthdayParty still take
instances of \c Person.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion/birthdayparty.h
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil QML_ELEMENT
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

The implementation of the \c Person class itself has not been changed. However,
as the \c Person class was repurposed as a common base for \c Boy and \c Girl,
\c Person should no longer be instantiable from QML directly. An explicit
\c Boy or \c Girl should be instantiated instead.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion/person.h
    \skipto Person
    \printto Q_OBJECT
    \dots
    \skipto QML_ELEMENT
    \printuntil QML_UNCREATABLE
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

While we want to disallow instantiating \c Person from within QML, it still
needs to be registered with the QML engine so that it can be used as a property
type and other types can be coerced to it. This is what the QML_UNCREATABLE
macro does. As all three types, \c Person, \c Boy and \c Girl, have been
registered with the QML system, on assignment, QML automatically (and type-safely)
converts the \c Boy and \c Girl objects into a \c Person.

With these changes in place, we can now specify the birthday party with the
extra information about the attendees as follows.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced2-Inheritance-and-coercion/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil /^\}/



\section1 Default Properties
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced3-Default-properties

Currently, in the QML file, each property is assigned explicitly. For example,
the \c host property is assigned a \c Boy and the \c guests property is
assigned a list of \c Boy or \c Girl. This is easy but it can be made a bit
simpler for this specific use case. Instead of assigning the \c guests property
explicitly, we can add \c Boy and \c Girl objects inside the party directly
and have them assigned to \c guests implicitly. It makes sense that all the
attendees that we specify, and that are not the host, are guests. This change
is purely syntactical but it can add a more natural feel in many situations.

The \c guests property can be designated as the default property of
\c BirthdayParty. Meaning that each object created inside of a \c BirthdayParty
is implicitly appended to the default property \c guests. The resulting QML
looks like this.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced3-Default-properties/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil /^\}/

The only change required to enable this behavior is to add the \c DefaultProperty
class info annotation to \c BirthdayParty to designate \c guests as its default
property.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced3-Default-properties/birthdayparty.h
    \skipto class
    \printuntil QML_ELEMENT
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

You may already be familiar with this mechanism. The default property for all
descendants of \c Item in QML is the \c data property. All elements not
explicitly added to a property of an \c Item will be added to \c data. This
makes the structure clear and reduces unnecessary noise in the code.

\sa {Specifying Default and Parent Properties for QML Object Types}



\section1 Grouped Properties
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced4-Grouped-properties

More information is needed about the shoes of the guests. Aside from their
size, we also want to store the shoes' color, brand, and price. This
information is stored in a \c ShoeDescription class.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced4-Grouped-properties/person.h
    \skipto ShoeDescription
    \printuntil price
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

Each person now has two properties, a \c name and a shoe description \c shoe.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced4-Grouped-properties/person.h
    \skipto Person
    \printuntil shoe
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

Specifying the values for each element of the shoe description works but is a
bit repetitive.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced4-Grouped-properties/Main.qml
    \skipto Girl
    \printuntil }

Grouped properties provide a more elegant way of assigning these properties.
Instead of assigning the values to each property one-by-one, the individual
values can be passed as a group to the \c shoe property making the code more
readable. No changes are required to enable this feature as it is available by
default for all of QML.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced4-Grouped-properties/Main.qml
    \skipto host
    \printuntil /^....}/

\sa {QML Object Attributes#Grouped Properties}{Grouped Properties}



\section1 Attached Properties
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced5-Attached-properties

The time has come for the host to send out invitations. To keep track of which
guests have responded to the invitation and when, we need somewhere to store
that information. Storing it in the \c BirthdayParty object iself would not
really fit. A better way would be to store the responses as attached objects to
the party object.

First, we declare the \c BirthdayPartyAttached class which holds the guest reponses.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced5-Attached-properties/birthdayparty.h
    \skipto BirthdayPartyAttached
    \printuntil QML_ANONYMOUS
    \dots
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

And we attach it to the \c BirthdayParty class and define
\c qmlAttachedProperties() to return the attached object.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced5-Attached-properties/birthdayparty.h
    \skipto /BirthdayParty : public QObject/
    \printuntil /^{/
    \dots
    \skipto QML_ATTACHED
    \printuntil QML_ATTACHED
    \dots
    \skipto qmlAttachedProperties
    \printuntil qmlAttachedProperties
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

Now, attached objects can be used in the QML to hold the rsvp information of the invited guests.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced5-Attached-properties/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil /^}/

Finally, the information can be accessed in the following way.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced5-Attached-properties/main.cpp
    \skipto rsvpDate
    \printuntil attached->property("rsvp").toDate();

The program outputs the following summary of the party to come.
\badcode
"Jack Smith" is having a birthday!
He is inviting:
    "Robert Campbell" RSVP date: "Wed Mar 1 2023"
    "Leo Hodges" RSVP date: "Mon Mar 6 2023"
\endcode

\sa {Providing Attached Properties}



\section1 Property Value Source
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced6-Property-value-source

During the party the guests have to sing for the host. It would be handy if the
program could display the lyrics customized for the occasion to help the
guests. To this end, a property value source is used to generate the verses of
the song over time.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced6-Property-value-source/happybirthdaysong.h
    \skipto class
    \printuntil Q_INTERFACES
    \dots
    \skipto setTarget
    \printuntil setTarget
    \skipto /^\};/
    \printuntil /^\};/

The class \c HappyBirthdaySong is added as a value source. It must inherit from
\c QQmlPropertyValueSource and implement the QQmlPropertyValueSource interface
with the Q_INTERFACES macro. The \c setTarget() function is used to define
which property this source acts upon. In this case, the value source writes to
the \c announcement property of the \c BirthdayParty to display the lyrics
over time. It has an internal timer that causes the \c announcement
property of the party to be set to the next line of the lyrics repeatedly.

In QML, a \c HappyBirthdaySong is instantiated inside the \c BirthdayParty. The
\c on keyword in its signature is used to specify the property that the value
source targets, in this case \c announcement. The \c name property of the
\c HappyBirthdaySong object is also \l {Property Binding}{bound} to the name of
the host of the party.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced6-Property-value-source/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil }
    \dots
    \skipto /^\}/
    \printuntil /^\}/

The program displays the time at which the party started using the
\c partyStarted signal and then prints the following happy birthday verses
over and over.
\badcode
Happy birthday to you,
Happy birthday to you,
Happy birthday dear Bob Jones,
Happy birthday to you!
\endcode

\sa {Property Value Sources}



\section1 Foreign objects integration
\c extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration

Instead of just printing the lyrics out to the console, the attendees would
like to use a more fancy display with support for colors. They would like to
integrate it in the project but currently it is not possible to configure the
screen from QML because it comes from a third party library. To solve this, the
necessary types need to be exposed to the QML engine so its properties are
available for modification in QML directly.

The display can be controlled by the \c ThirdPartyDisplay class. It has
properties to define the content and the foreground and background colors of the text
to display.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration/library/ThirdPartyDisplay.h
    \skipto ThirdPartyDisplay
    \printuntil backgroundColor
    \dots
    \skipto };
    \printuntil };

To expose this type to QML, we can register it with the engine with
QML_ELEMENT. However, since the class isn't accessible for modification,
QML_ELEMENT cannot simply be added to it. To register the type with the engine,
the type needs to be registered from the outside. This is what QML_FOREIGN is
for. When used in a type in conjunction with other QML macros, the other macros
apply not to the type they reside in but to the foreign type designated by
QML_FOREIGN.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration/foreigndisplay.h
    \skipto ForeignDisplay
    \printuntil };

This way, the BirthdayParty now has a new property with the display.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration/birthdayparty.h
    \skipuntil BirthdayPartyAttached
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printto Q_CLASSINFO
    \dots
    \skipto };
    \printuntil };

And, in QML, the colors of the text on the fancy third display can be set explicitly.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration/Main.qml
    \skipto BirthdayParty
    \printuntil BirthdayParty
    \skipto display:
    \printuntil }
    \dots
    \skipto /^}/
    \printuntil /^}/

Setting the \c announcement property of the BirthdayParty now sends the
message to the fancy display instead of printing it itself.
\quotefromfile tutorials/extending-qml-advanced/advanced7-Foreign-objects-integration/birthdayparty.cpp
    \skipto setAnnouncement
    \printuntil /^}/

The output then looks like this over and over similar to the previous section.
\badcode
[Fancy ThirdPartyDisplay] Happy birthday to you,
[Fancy ThirdPartyDisplay] Happy birthday to you,
[Fancy ThirdPartyDisplay] Happy birthday dear Bob Jones,
[Fancy ThirdPartyDisplay] Happy birthday to you!
\endcode

\sa {Registering Foreign Types}
*/
